«n tËp tiÕng anh 9
Häc kú ii( ¤N THI CHUYÓN CÊP)
A- THEORY
THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
1-Formula


a. Affirmative:
I, you, we, they + have + PP
He, she, it + has +PP
Note:  PP = past participle (quá khứ phân từ) ( =V-ed: V có quy tắc, =V3: V bất quy tắc)
b. Negative:
I, you, we, the  + have not (haven’t) + PP
He, she, it + has not ( hasn’t) + PP
 
c. Interrogative:
Have + I, you, we, they + P.P .... ?
Has + he, she, it + P.P .... ?
2-Use


a. Một hành động bắt đầu trong quá khứ nhưng còn tiếp tục đến hiện tại hoặc tương lai.
      Thường  đi với: since (từ khi); for (được bao lâu).
Ex1: She has lived here since 1987
Ex2: They have swum for 1 hour
 
b. Một hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ, không xác định rõ thơi gian.
Thường đi với: already, ever... ( before), never... (before), not, yet, several times, many times...
Ex1: She’s been to Japan several times.
Ex2: I have never worked in that company before.
c. Một hành động vừa mới xảy ra.
 Thường đi với: lately, just, recently, in recent weeks/ months / years ....
Ex1: My uncle has just come back form Americ
Ex2: They have done the assignment in recent weeks.
THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE
1-Formula


a. Affirmative
Subject + V-ed/ V2 ( V có quy tắc: V+ “ed”; V bất quy tắc; lấy cột thứ 2 trong bảng động từ bất quy tắc)
b. Negative
Subject + did not (didn’t) + bare-infinitive
c. Interrogative.
Did + subject + bare-infinitive .... ?
Note: The simple past form  of  ‘to be’
* Affirmative:
You, we, they + were ;
I, he, she, it + was
 
* Negative
You, we, they + were not (weren’t )
I, he, she, it + was not (wasn’t)
 
* Interrogative
Were + you, we, they .... ?  
Was + he, she, it.....  ?

2-Use


a.  Một hành động đã hoàn tất tại một thời điểm nào đó trong quá khứ.
Thường đi với: yesterday, last... ( last week, last year....), ....... ago (3 days ago, .... ), in 1999, in 1987....
Ex1: She was here yesterday.
Ex2: They didn’t learn Chinese 3 year ago.
 
b.  Một thói quen ở quá khứ.
Ex1: They often went fishing when they lived in the country.
Ex2: Jack always got up at 3:00 am last year.
 
c. Một hành động đã hoàn tất trong một khoảng thời gian xác định trong quá khứ ( from ... to......)
Ex: From 1981 to 1983, my older brother worked as a journalist

PASSIVE VOICE
1-Gerund rule


 Active: S + V + O


Passive: S +to be + PP +( by +O)

§éng tõ chÝnh cña c©u chñ ®éng ë th× nµo th× tobe ph¶i chia ë th× ®ã 
(PP: Past participle)
Note: 
- Đặt từ ở câu chủ động ở  thì (tense) hay thể (form) nào thì “be” ở câu bị động ở thì hay thể đó.
- Khi ta không xem người thực hiện hành động (does) là quan trọng, thì “ by object” có thể bỏ đi. ( eg.  does=personal pronoun: he, she, they, we, .... people; no-one.. )
 
Example:
a.The simple present
She cleans the floor everyday.
( S + V / Vs / es... )
Passive: The floor is cleaned everyday.
(S + am/is/are/ +PP...)
b.The present continous.
Mr.Baker is repairing the car
      Passive: the car is being repaired by Mr Baker. ( S + am/ is/ are + being + PP...)
c.The present perfect
Someone has stolen  the bicycles ( S+ has/have + P.P...)
Passive: The bicycles have been stolen ( S+ has/have + been + PP...)
d.The simple past
Where did they find the drugs ? ( S + V2/ V-ed)
Passive: where were the drugs found ? ( S+ was/ were + PP.....)
e.The past continuous
      They were preparing luch when I came there yesterday (S+was/were + V-ing .... )
Passive: Luch was being prepared when I came there yesterday.( S+ was/ were + being + PP.....)
f.  The past perfect
She had written almost ten pages by 3:00 pm. ( S+ had + PP...)
      Passive: Almost ten pages had been written by 3:00 p.m (S+ had been + PP.....)
g. Will/ would, shall/ should, can/ could, may/might must, have to, be going to, used to, ........
Active: S+ will/would, shall/ should... + bare-infinitive + object
      Passive: S + will/would, shall/shoul.... + be + past participle (+ by object).
Ex: Police will destroy these drugs.
Passive: the drugs will be destroyed by police.
2-Special cases


a.  Active: s1+ verb1( say/believe/think....) (that) +S2+verb2...
Passive:
Cách 1: It + be + PP (verb1) + s2 + verb2 ....
Cách 2: S2+ be+ PP (verb1) + to- infinitive (verb2)...
Ex:         People say that he is crazy.
Passive:
             It said that he is crazy
             He is said to be crazy.
b.  Negatives
            Ex1: No-one has cleaned the floor lately. 
            Passive: The floor hasn’t been  cleaned lately
 
Ex2: We didn’t do anything about it.
Passive: Nothing was done about it.
 
c.  Who + V + object ...... ?
Passive: - By whom..... ?
        -  Who...... by  ?
Ex:           Who wrote this novel ?
Passive:
              - By whom was this novel written ?
        - Who was this novel written by ?
 
d.  It + be + adjective + to-infinitive + sth
Passive: It + be + adjective + for sth + to be + PP
Ex: It is important to finish this exercise.
It is important for this exercise to be finished
e.  Bare-infinitive + object
Passive:
Let + object + be + PP
S + be + allowed / advised/asked/ supposed/ .... + to infinitive
 
Ex1:    
            Please open the door
Let the door be opened
Ex2:    
            Turn on the light
You are supposed to turn on the light.          
f.  Causative form ( thức mệnh lệnh)
Active:
- She + have + sb+ bare-infinitive + st
- S + get + sb +  to- infinitive + sth
Passive:
- S + have + sth + PP
- S + get + sth + PP
Ex1:             She has had someone repaint the car
She has had the car repainted
Ex2:
            They got me to do the housework
They got the housework done.
RELATIVE CLAUSE
Introduction ( giới thiệu).


Mệnh đề quan hệ/ mệnh đề tính từ là mệnh đề phụ trong câu (không thể đứng riêng một mình). Nó bắt đầu bằng:
a. relative pronouns (đại từ quan hệ) : WHO, WHOM, WHICH, WHOSE, THAT.
b relative adverbs (trạng từ liên hệ) : WHERE, WHEN, WHY.
Ex1: A man who dares to do it dares to do anything.
Ex2: We talked to the man who was from Beijing.

1-WHO


* Thay cho danh từ, đại từ chỉ người, có chức năng của một chủ từ.
* Lưu ý  “Who” trong cấu trúc:
.... Noun/ pronoun (person) + who + verb .....
Ex1: The man has met your boss.He come from Italy.
                                     subject  
→ The man  who comes from Italy has met your boss
                  relative clause
Ex2: We have met the girl. She studies in the shool.
→  We have met the girl who studies in the school.    
                                     relative clause
2-WHOM


* Thay cho danh từ/ đại từ chỉ người, có chức năng của một đối từ.
* Lưu ý: “Whom” trong cấu trúc.
.... Noun / pronoun + whom + subject + verb......
Ex1: We like the man. You talked to him yesterday.
                                            object
We like the man whom you talked to yesterday
                          relative clause
Ex2: Is that the man ?. You have been waiting for him.
                                                             object
Is that the man whom you have been waiting for ?
                            relative clause
3-WHOSE


     * Thay thế cho sở hữu cách (possessive cases)
     * Xuất hiện trong hai cấu trúc.
- .... noun/ pronoun + whose + noun + verb
- ..... noun/ pronoun whose + noun + subject + verb
 
Ex1: The girl looks disappoited. Her examination result its so bad.
The girl whose examination result is so bad looks disappointed.
Ex2: That is the girl. I took her hat by mistake yesterday.
That is the girl whose hat I took by mistake yesterday.
4-WHICH


* Thay thể cho danh từ, địa từ chỉ vật
* Có thể làm chủ từ hoặc đối từ
*  Lưu ý các cấu trúc.
- ...... noun / pronoun + which + verb ........
- ......noun/ pronoun + which + subject + verb .....
Ex1: She show me the table. It was made by her father.
She shows me the table which was made by her father.
Ex2: Do you like this car ? Mr. Tan bought it last month.
Do you like this car, which Mr.Tan bought last month ?
Note: “Which” có thể được sử dụng để thay thế cho một mệnh đề đứng trước nó (= and this/ and that)
Ex: Tom is so lazy, and this makes Mrs. Green worried.
Tom is so lazy, which makes Mrs. Green worried.
5-WHERE


* Thay cho trạng từ, cụm trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn (place) (eg.here, there, in that place.... )
* Thường xuất hiện trong cấu trúc:
...... noun/ pronoun ( = a place) + where + subject + verb ......
Ex:  We visit  the hospital. We were born there/in that hospital
       We visit the hospital where we were born.
6-WHEN


* Thay cho trạng từ, cum từ chỉ thời gian (time) (on that day, in the year...)
* Thường xuất hiện trong cấu trúc :
...... noun / pronoun (= time ) + when + subject + verb ......
   Ex:    She will never forget the day. She first met him on that day
She will never forget the day when she first met him
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
1-Điều kiện có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai (ĐKI) ( possible
condition at present or in future )


 
 If clause : simple present
 Main clause : will/shall/can/may + bare-infinitive
 
Ex1: If it rain, we won’t go for a picnic
Ex2: Our natural resources will disappear if we do not conserve them
 
Notes:
- Ta có thể sử dụng mệnh lệnh ở mệnh đề chính.
   Ex: If you drink, don’t drive
 
- Ta có thể sử dụng “should” ở mệnh đề điều kiện để tỏ ý nghi ngờ.
   Ex: If he should call, tell him I will ring back.
 
- Dạng rút gọn ở mệnh đề điều kiện (if possible, if necessary, if so................)
  Ex: If necessary, I will help you.
 
-Ta có thể sử dụng dạng mệnh lệnh để thay cho mệnh đề chỉ điều kiện.        
  Trong trường hợp này, giữa hai mệnh đề thường có các liên từ như sau: and, or, else, otherwise.
2-Điều kiện không xảy ra ở hiện tại (ĐK II) (present unreal condition )


 Main clause: would/could/might + bare-infinitive
If clause: simple present
Ex1: If she had wings, she would fly to an island
Ex2: He would build more houses if he were a king.
 
Note:
- ‘If I were you/I were in your position.................’được sử dụng để khuyên nhủ.
Ex: If I were you, I would accept the invitation ( = You should accept the invita